Westfield, Massachusetts - "One Grenadier Froze To Death"

By

On October 28, 1777, the two thousand German prisoners from General John Burgoyne's army who surrendered at Saratoga reached Westfield, Massachusetts.  After leaving Great Barrington on the 26th they had marched through "a desolate mountain range…", where the roads "were not only very hilly but also stony and rocky". [1]  It had already rained for two days, and the weather was getting worse.  Brunswick Grenadier Johann Bense would record in his diary: "... again a very wretched march in rain and snow on an impossible road through Westfield...  One man from the Grenadiers froze to death.” [2]  

Snow and ice cover a road through the woods of Massachusetts.
The march on the 28th was the most difficult day of their journey.  All day “... hail, rain, and snow succeeded one another strangely.  The wind penetrated the whole body, no matter how much stuff you had wrapped around you.  The wet clothes froze like armor on the body; one grenadier froze to death on the march; many pack-animals bade their masters a last 'Good night'…” [3]  

On the 28th officers struggled to keep the column moving, as soldiers dropped from the line of march in search of warmth and shelter in homes along the way.  "The roads...", it was observed,  "were execrably set by nature and through the continuous bad weather, that had by now lasted for 48 hours, they had gotten into such a state that you could scarcely walk on them any more.  The poor soldiers left the remnants of their shoes and small boots stuck between the stones and in the mud." [4]   

The end of the day's march brought some relief.  A German officer wrote that: “Towards evening, after going ten miles, we came to Westfield, a real nice town.  The nature of the weather to-day softened the hearts of the inhabitants and they took us in.” [5]  Brunswick Grenadier Johann Bense, whose diary records that most nights since the surrender he had slept in the woods, and "an old cellar" in Blandford on the 27th, was at last able to sleep inside for a night, as he noted: "We were quartered 5 miles beyond Westfield…” [6]

Westfield, Massachusetts, where they stopped, had been settled by Europeans in 1660.  After several days of travel through what they considered the wilderness, the Germans were impressed.  "Westfield  is 10 Engl. miles from Blandford" recalled one, "and a very upright little town with many very well built houses, a delight for the eyes.  The inhabitants of this place are very well-to-do." [7]  

In 1922, the Reverend John H. Lockwood, D.D., pastor of the town's Congregational church, wrote and published a history of the town "in Colonial and Revolutionary Times".  His account drew heavily on town records and other primary sources, but unfortunately he accepted competing claims by other towns to conclude: “It is distressing to lose confidence in the tradition so long fondly and universally cherished in Westfield relative to the presence of General Burgoyne among that group of prisoners. Evidence to the contrary however is too strong to be controverted. The well attested fact that he was in Hadley and presented a sword to his host there has been accepted ...”. [8]

The Landlord Fowler Tavern in Westfield.
There were those in Hadley who claimed that Burgoyne passed through their town after his surrender at Saratoga.  It wasn't true.  Brigadier-General William Whipple, who along with Brigadier-General John Glover escorted Burgoyne from Albany to Cambridge, recorded in his journal that they stayed in Westfield, a few days after the Germans left.  Whipple's entry for October 31st noted that he, Glover and Burgoyne: "... took Breakfast at Chadwicks & set out for Springs which is 10 miles this is in the middle of the Green wood set out from Springs at 11 o’clock and arrived at Glasco about 2 [o’clock] 11 miles here made a short halt & at 3 set out for Westfield 10 miles where arrivd about 6 got good quarters at Fowlers Tavern I lodged at Col. Moseleys" [9]

Lockwood made a second mistake with regard to the Convention Army, when he urged his readers to take comfort in the role played by one of their native sons and his regiment, claiming: "There is some compensation for the discomfort of our shattered tradition relative to Burgoyne in the fact thus established that the brigade of which Col William Shepard's regiment formed a component part was honored with the responsibility of guarding that great batch of prisoners..." [10]  While Colonel Shepard and his 4th Massachusetts Regiment were assigned to Glover's brigade during the Saratoga campaign, and Glover escorted Burgoyne to Cambridge, Shepherd and the other regiments in the brigade marched south to support Major-General Israel Putnam in the lower Hudson River valley after the surrender, not east towards Boston with the Convention Army. [11]

What was Westfield in 1777 is now two towns, Westfield, and to its west Russell, incorporated in 1792.  The inn where Burgoyne stayed, the Landlord Fowler Tavern at 171 Main Street (Route 20) in Westfield, still exists, but it is not open to the public.  Its original door is on display though - but in New York City, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[1] Specht Journal, 106.
[2] Bense, 76-77.
[3] Letters From America, 122.
[4] Specht Journal, 107.
[5] Letters From America, 122.
[6] Bense, 76-77.
[7] Specht Journal, 107.
[8] Westfield and Its Historic Influences, p. 566.  Lockwood goes on to share local documentation, which had he accepted, would have led him to a correct conclusion that Burgoyne did stay in Westfield: "In one of Mr Bartlett's earliest notebooks the following records appear Eliot Dewey who was the son of James Dewey and who worked for my Father 30 years told me when I was a little fellow that Burgoyne was brought to this town on his way to Boston after his surrender and stayed at Capt Clapp's who kept tavern at what is now the Stocking house and that when he went away he kissed Capt Clapp's wife..." Westfield and Its Historic Influence, 567.
[9] Whipple Journal, 15.  Whipple makes no mention of Burgoyne kissing the innkeeper's wife when he left though.
[10] Westfield and Its Historic Influence, 567.
[11] George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, October 30, 1777, accessed on-line January 17, 2024, at: https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-01-02-0331.



For more on the Convention Army's 1777 march from Saratoga to Boston, see:


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

George Washington and Saratoga - "A Matter Of Such Magnitude"

By
Image
February 22, 2023, marks the 291st anniversary of the birth of George Washington, pictured here in a  Library of Congress  print published in Germany in 1777 or 1778.  For more than two centuries Washington's birth has been widely noted, and was a federally recognized holiday from 1885 to 1971.  For the last five decades an all encompassing "Presidents' Day" has supplanted not only a holiday observance on the date of Washington's birth, but the February 12th celebration of the birthday of another truly great American President, Abraham Lincoln. In the fall of 1777 Washington hands were full as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.  While Major-General Horatio Gates defended the upper Hudson River Valley, Washington was responding to British General Sir William Howe's expedition moving not north to support Burgoyne, but south by ship into the Chesapeake Bay and then north by land to Philadelphia.  On September 11th British forces maneuvered to flank Washi
Read more

The Battle Of Hubbardton - "No Visible Advantage"

By
Image
On July 6, 1777, British and German forces under the command of Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne occupied the American fortifications at Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence  and took control of Lake Champlain.  Outnumbered, American troops retired south to Skenesboro, some by boat, others by land southeast on military roads to Castleton, Vermont.  Burgoyne responded by focusing his attention on those fleeing by boat, and left the pursuit of those who traveled by land to the commander of his Advance Corps, Brigadier-General Simon Fraser, "Knowing how safely I could trust to that officers conduct."   [1] British Lieutenant James Hadden of the Royal Artillery noted in his Journal :  "July 6th At daybreak this Morning the retreat of the Enemy was discover'd, and B. Gen'l Frazer, with about 8 or 900 of his own Corps (leaving the rest with the Tents Batteaux's &c &c) pursued them towards Huberton, leaving his Artillery which the Road was not capable o
Read more

Burgoyne's Artillery - "Drawn Through The Village"

By
Image
Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne's British and German troops marched out of their camp and entrenchments at Saratoga on the morning of October 17, 1777, and left their arms and artillery at  "the verge of the river where the old fort stood."  [1]   Supposedly, "With a moist eye the artilleryman looked for the last time upon his faithful gun parting with it as he would from a bride - and that, forever!"  [2]  For the American army, the surrendered artillery was something to be secured, inventoried, and redistributed for use in future battles against their former owners.   A German office would note:  "England's greatest loss may be considered the loss of the  artillery, which was taken by the rebels."  - though Britain's loss of an army, the boost to American morale, and the resulting alliance between the United States and France was surely more significant. [3]   An account of  the Convention Army's stop in Great Barrington includes a stor
Read more